Photo courtesy phillips petroleum company catalysts used in catalytic cracking or reforming. Thermal cracking gives mixtures of products containing high proportions of hydrocarbons with double bonds alkenes. Since i stumbled on project kaisei, and they were talking about cracking the plastics for diesel fuel. University of zagreb petroleum refining and petrochemical. Fractional distillation separates the components of oil into fractions, such as light oil or heavy oil, by utilizing their various boiling points and. Photo courtesy phillips petroleum company catalysts used in catalytic cracking or reforming catalytic uses a catalyst to speed up the cracking reaction. Petroleum refinery activities start with receipt of. Refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby. It is widely used to convert the highboiling, highmolecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils into more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases, and other products. Petroleum refineries are complex and expensive industrial.
Asphalt is produced through the refining of petroleum. A significant byproduct of this reaction is hydrogen gas, which is then either used. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or longchain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carboncarbon bonds in the precursors. However, once the crude oil is refined, it is used to produce gasoline, diesel fuel, paraffin wax, and even plastics. In the tower, oil is broken down into various petroleum products. The first step in the production of ethylene is to take the feedstock and crack it into ethylene and other various products in a furnace. In fact, we cannot meet this demand through the products of fractional distillation alone. Visbreaking is one of several cracking methods used in the petroleum industry to process crude oil and other petroleum products for commercial use. The aim of this project is to obtain high yields of consumer petroleum products, such as high cetane number gasoline and light gas oil diesel, by cracking ago obtained from crude oil. What is crude oil and how is it turned into so many different things. Light hydrocarbon feeds such as ethane, lpgs or light naphtha give product streams rich in the lighter alkenes, including ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. It is usually produced in steam cracking units from a range of petroleum based feedstocks, such as naphtha, and is used in the manufacture of several major derivatives. Energy bandwidth for petroleum refining processes 4. Coke is sold after being cleaned with coking equipment.
Depending on the end product, the oils can go directly into fuel blending, or they can be routed through further cracking reactions or other refining processes until they have produced oils of the desired weight. To solve this supplyanddemand problem, we use a process called catalytic cracking to break the long chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful, hydrocarbons. For example, thermal cracking does not produce any degree of branching in the products by migration of an alkyl group other than that already present in the feedstock. The refining process involves separating, cracking, restructuring, treating, and blending hydrocarbon molecules to generate petroleum products. The products produced in the reaction depend on the composition of the feed, the hydrocarbontosteam ratio, and on the cracking temperature and furnace residence time. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes. Expansion joint salespeople must not only be familiar with the products they supply, but also with how those products work along with the rest of the components in a properly designed piping system. The temperature is controlled to be just below the temperature of. Cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by thermal cracking.
Petroleum refineries are complex and expensive industrial facilities. Cracking takes large hydrocarbons and breaks them into smaller ones. A worker adjust the valves that feed petroleum products to a tanker at the pemex refinery in coatzacoalcos veracruz mexico the ineos oil refinery at grangemouth in the firth of forth, scotland, uk. Catalytic cracking an overview sciencedirect topics. Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals. This cracks the long chain hydrocarbons into coker gas oil, naphtha, and other distillates, plus the petroleum coke. Asphalt production and oil refining pavement interactive. What is the process to separate oil or petroleum answers. Petroleum refining petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses. The reactants must adsorb onto the active surface followed by the desorption of the products from the catalyst surface.
Because there is more demand for some distilled products like. More than a dozen other petroleum products are also produced in refineries. Petroleum coke is a carbonaceous solid delivered from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes. Interestingly, much of the information about creating asphalt from crude. Cracking chemical process britannica encyclopedia britannica. Transporting and processing nd studies energy curriculum. Catalysts include zeolite, aluminum hydrosilicate, bauxite and silicaalumina. Additionally, the product from cat cracking is of a higher octane rating than the. Cracking tower in oil refinery stock photos and images 74. By heating petroleum in a fractionation tower or column, the lighter products lower boiling points rise to the top first and can be skimmed off. The six short chain alkenes are the main building blocks in modern petrochemistry.
Cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by thermal cracking, which has been almost completely replaced by catalytic cracking because it produces more gasoline with a higher octane rating. The vacuum distillation consists of the vacuum furnace, vacuum tower and the vacuum producing system. An overview of refinery products and processes fsc 432. Most of the hydrogen is consumed in refinery desulfurization facilities, which remove hydrogen sulfide from the gas stream and then separate that compound into elemental hydrogen and sulfur. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. Depending on the end product, the oils can go directly into fuel blending, or they can be routed through further cracking reactions. Heavy fuel oil or asphalt residue is taken from the bottom. Being from texas i can answer in a simplified form without all of the chemistry involved. At successively higher points on the tower, the various major products including lubricating oil, heating oil, kerosene. Petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses. Refining consists of a combination of fractional distillation and cracking. The product ethylene is taken from the overhead of the tower and the ethane coming from the bottom of the. The process shown in figure 1 is a steam cracking process for ethylene production from an ethanepropane mixture.
The two primary feedstocks for ethylene production are naphtha and natural gas ethane, propane, butane, etc. Cracking, in petroleum refining, the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure. Catalysts used in the cracking of crude oil are usually hydrated aluminum. The term cracking comes from the process of breaking up long hydrocarbon. Those products must then be transported to enduse consumers or retailers like gasoline stations or the company that delivers heating oil to your house, if. As the hot vapor rises in the tower, its temperature is reduced. Others such as branched and cyclic alkanes are added to the gasoline fraction obtained from the distillation of crude oil to enhance the octane rating. Fortunately, we have much more of the larger fractions than are needed. Cracking of petroleum yields light oils corresponding to gasoline, middlerange oils used in diesel fuel, residual heavy oils, a solid carbonaceous product known as coke, and such gases as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, and butylene. Once crude oil is extracted from the ground, it must be transported and refined into petroleum products that have any value. Fluid catalytic cracking is one of the most important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries. The cracking products, such as ethene, propene, buta1,3diene and c 4 alkenes, are used to make many important chemicals. Chemical processing how oil refining works howstuffworks. Petroleum and its products source of energy cbse grade.
Petroleum products, including gasoline, are primarily a mixture of hydrocarbons molecules containing hydrogen and carbon molecules with small amounts of other substances. Essentially, when you see all of the tall shinny columns in a refinery, all they are used for separating the constituents of petroleum into useful products b. An oil refinery cleans and separates petroleum into gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, propane, and other products. Both are typically used as feed to fluid catalytic cracking units. Making crude oil usefulfractional distillation and cracking. Pdf production of high quality petroleum products from.
In fact, the visbreaking process occurs predominantly in the liquid phase, and many other liquidphase cracking processes, while not actually called visbreaking, actually operate in a. Petroleum refining effluent guidelines epa promulgated the petroleum refining effluent guidelines and standards 40 cfr part 419 in 1974 and amended the regulations in 1975, 1977, 1982 and 1985. Those products must then be transported to enduse consumers or retailers like gasoline stations or the company that delivers heating oil to your house, if you have an oil furnace. Accordingly, we spend a lot of time discussing piping system components such as anchors, guides, supports, and hangers in hose master university. This article discusses the various aspects of petroleum refining and oil products as a primary energy source and as a valuable feedstock for petrochemicals. It is a viscous adhesive that, along with aggregate, forms hma pavement surfaces in this article we will follow the crude oil as it leaves the seagoing tanker at the marine terminal at us oil and refining company in tacoma, wa and becomes asphalt. The answer to the question of crude oils multiple uses is fractional distillation and cracking. Thus the various fractions obtained from the distillation of crude oil and the. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes production of olefins steam cracking of hydrocarbons faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p. The cracking products, such as ethene, propene, buta1,3diene and c4 alkenes. The cracking process starts in the furnace and continues in the transfer line to the coke drums, where the cracking process is completed. Crude oil is comprised of different lengths of hydrocarbon chains. Making crude oil useful fractional distillation and cracking. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Gaseous refinery products include hydrogen, fuel gas, ethane, propane, and butane. When this process is completed, a large proportion of almost pure carbon residue coke is produced. Crude oil is physically separated by fractionation in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers, into groups of hydrocarbon molecules with. Most of the petroleum refining catalysts in a modern refinery contain highly porous catalysts to provide adequate surface area for metals dispersion and the subsequent reaction to occur. Nevertheless, the chemistry of thermal cracking typically involves the following chemical reactions. The crude oil that comes out of the ground is useless on its own. The heavier, higherboilingpoint fractions called residuum, bottoms or topped crude which condense or remain at the bottom of the tower, are used for fuel oil, bitumen manufacturing or cracking feedstock, or are directed to a heater and into the vacuum distillation tower. Petcoke is over 90 percent carbon and emits 5 to 10 percent more carbon dioxide co2 than coal on a perunitofenergy basis when it is burned. By integrating heavy oil processing with gasification, important synergies may be realized. The texaco gasification process is a market leader in the conversion of heavy oils, petroleum coke, and other heavy petroleum streams to valuable products i. Ppt petroleum refining 101 powerpoint presentation.
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